Antidiabetic medications can be classified into several categories based on their mechanism of action. Here are the main classes:

1. **Biguanides**
- **Example:** Metformin
- **Action:** Decreases gluconeogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity.

2. **Sulfonylureas**
- **Examples:** Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride
- **Action:** Stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

3. **Meglitinides**
- **Examples:** Repaglinide, Nateglinide
- **Action:** Stimulates rapid insulin secretion in response to meals.

4. **Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)**
- **Examples:** Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone
- **Action:** Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.

5. **DPP-4 Inhibitors**
- **Examples:** Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Linagliptin
- **Action:** Increases incretin levels, leading to increased insulin release and decreased glucagon secretion.

6. **GLP-1 Receptor Agonists**
- **Examples:** Liraglutide, Exenatide, Dulaglutide
- **Action:** Mimics glucagon-like peptide-1 to increase insulin secretion and reduce glucagon secretion.

7. **SGLT2 Inhibitors**
- **Examples:** Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin
- **Action:** Inhibits glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting glucose excretion.

8. **Insulin**
- **Types:** Rapid-acting, Short-acting, Intermediate-acting, Long-acting
- **Action:** Replaces or supplements insulin hormone in the body.

9. **Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors**
- **Examples:** Acarbose, Miglitol
- **Action:** Delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines.

Each class has distinct mechanisms and indications, allowing for personalized diabetes management.
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